1.  Perinatal brain injury
Dystonic cerebral palsy, delayed-onset dystonia.

2. Infection
Viral encephalitis, encephalitis lethargica, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, other (tuberculosis, syphilis, etc.).

3. Drug
Levodopa and dopamine agonists, neuroleptics (dopamine receptor blocking drugs), anticonvulsants, and calcium channel blockers.

4. Immune-mediated
Acquired disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), autoimmune or paraneoplastic encephalitis (most frequently NMDAR antibody-associated encephalitis)

5.  Toxic
Heroin, carbon monoxide, manganese, cobalt, carbon disulphide, cyanide, methanol, disulfiram, and 3-nitropropionic acid.

6.  Vascular
Ischemia, hemorrhage, and arteriovenous malformation (including aneurysm).

7. Neoplastic
Brain tumour, and paraneoplastic encephalitis.

8. Brain injury
Head trauma, brain surgery (including stereotactic ablations), and electrical injury.

9. Metabolic
Hypoglycaemia, hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar state, hypocalcaemia, hypoparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hepato-cerebral degeneration, uraemia.

10. Functional

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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